It belongs to Solanaceae family with origins in Central and South America. Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.), is among the world’s most important crops in terms of production, consumption, and trade. No additional external funding was received for this study.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. AN was granted an MSc Scholarship by the Inter University Council for East Africa, under the KfW funded-EAC Scholarship programme. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: All data supporting the findings of this study has been included in the manuscript and its supporting files.įunding: This study received funding from the National Research Fund, Kenya (Grant title: ENABLE-HORT), awarded to MM and administered by Kenyatta University. Received: JanuAccepted: Published: January 23, 2023Ĭopyright: © 2023 Nuwamanya et al. PLoS ONE 18(1):Įditor: Sagheer Atta, Ghazi University, PAKISTAN Enhancing farmers’ knowledge of the disease and their ability to properly select and apply fungicides is therefore crucial for effective control of EB and mitigating the high risk of fungicide resistance build up.Ĭitation: Nuwamanya AM, Runo S, Mwangi M (2023) Farmers’ perceptions on tomato early blight, fungicide use factors and awareness of fungicide resistance: Insights from a field survey in Kenya. solani developing resistance to fungicides. These findings demonstrate that the current tomato production systems in Kenya do not take into account the risk of A. This observation was more with fungicides in the strobilurin and triazole groups. Most farmers (81%) indicated that they had observed declines in effectiveness of at least one fungicide, used at EB control. Majority (83%) of the farmers were applying fungicides at dosages and frequencies higher than those indicated on labels. A total of 40 fungicide products, representing 20 active compounds with varying FRAC resistance risk levels were in use against EB. All farmers reported that they were relying on fungicides for EB control and none among the cultivars grown was resistant to the disease. Tomato was grown all year round on 60% of the fields with only short fallow periods. EB was prevalent in 85% of the fields and 90% of the farmers identified it as a major cause of yield loss. Data was recorded on farm characteristics, EB prevalence, fungicide usage, and farmers’ perceptions on fungicide efficacy. In this study, we surveyed 175 tomato fields, sampled in 3 major tomato producing counties in Kenya, to determine the status of EB, management practices, and fungicide use factors that could contribute to development of resistance to fungicides among A. solani populations in Kenya could be developing resistance to some of the commonly used fungicides. However, there have been reports from farmers about the declining efficacy of some fungicides. Early blight (EB) caused by Alternaria solani is one of the most devastating tomato diseases in Kenya and is most often managed by application of synthetic fungicides.
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